Subcellular Organelle-Targeted Drug Delivery of Photodynamic Therapy and Gas-Photodynamic Combination Therapy
Year: 2025
Type: review
Abstract: Xuhui Zhang,1,* Jing Wang,1 Sijia Wang,1 Lei Fu,1 Xiaofan Du,1,2 Qiangzhou Rong,1 Cuiping Yao,1 Jing Xin1,* 1Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710049, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jing Xin, Email [email protected] Cuiping Yao, Email [email protected]: Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a clinically viable non-invasive modality for tumor treatment, is characterized by precise spatiotemporal control with minimal systemic toxicity. The therapeutic efficacy of PDT is critically contingent upon subcellular photosensitizer localization, attributable to the restricted diffusion radius of reactive oxygen species (ROS, 20– 40 nm). Consequently, the development of organelle-targeted drug delivery systems constitutes an essential strategy for PDT optimization. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of PDT remains constrained by inherent physicochemical and pathophysiological barriers, even following targeting refinement. These constraints—predominantly limited tissue penetration depth (< 1 cm) and hypoxia-mediated therapeutic resistance—have driven the development of combinatorial therapeutic approaches. Among emerging strategies, gas-enhanced PDT has gained prominence due to its bifunctional capacity to modulate tumor pathophysiology and potentiate photosensitizer activity. The application of biocompatible gaseous agents enhances therapeutic outcomes through enhanced tumoral drug accumulation, amplified ROS generation, tumor microenvironment modulation, and reversal of multidrug resistance mechanisms. This review systematically evaluates organelle-targeted PDT delivery mechanisms, advanced strategies for gas-PDT synergistic therapy, and spatiotemporally controlled gas prodrug platforms. Collectively, these approaches establish subcellular precision medicine as a transformative paradigm for tumor therapy.Keywords: photodynamic therapy, gas therapy, subcellular organelle-targeted
Authors: Zhang,Xuhui, Wang,Jing, Wang,Sijia, Fu,Lei, Du,Xiaofan, Rong,Qiangzhou, Yao,Cuiping, Xin,Jing
Language: English
Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7113432858
FWCI:
Cites:
Cited by:
Related to: