Work

Hepatic Macrophages in Chronic Hepatitis B: Balancing Immunity and Pathology

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Chronic HBV infection remains a global health challenge, driving liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver injury is primarily mediated by host immune responses rather than direct viral cytotoxicity. Macrophages, including Kupffer cells, play dual roles in antiviral defense and disease progression. HBV skews macrophages toward an M2-like, immunosuppressive phenotype, promoting viral persistence and fibrogenesis via cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-10 and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and nanoparticle-based systems, are under investigation. Addressing macrophage heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive hepatic microenvironment using advanced models is essential. Modulating macrophages offers a promising avenue to control HBV, restore immune balance, and mitigate liver injury. This review highlights the central role of macrophages in chronic HBV infection and explores emerging therapeutic strategies.

Source: Biology

DOI: 10.3390/biology15010076

Authors: Anup S. Pathania, Sajad A. Bhat, Lukman A. Adepoju, Kusum K. Kharbanda, Natalia A. Osna

Institutions: University of Nebraska Medical Center, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System

Language: English

Topic: Hepatitis B Virus Studies

Subfield: Epidemiology

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,258