Unbreakable QR Code Watermarks: A High-Robustness Technique for Digital Image Security Using DWT, SVD, and Schur Factorization
Year: 2025
Type: article
Abstract: In the digital era, protecting the integrity and ownership of digital content is increasingly crucial, particularly against unauthorized copying and tampering. Traditional watermarking techniques often struggle to remain robust under various image manipulations, leading to a need for more resilient methods. To address this challenge, we propose a novel watermarking technique that integrates the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and Schur matrix factorization to embed a QR code as a watermark into digital images. Our method was rigorously tested across a range of common image attacks, including histogram equalization, salt-and-pepper noise, ripple distortions, smoothing, and extensive cropping. The results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms existing methods, achieving high normalized correlation (NC) values such as 0.9949 for histogram equalization, 0.9846 for salt-and-pepper noise (2%), 0.96063 for ripple distortion, 0.9670 for smoothing, and up to 0.9995 under 50% cropping. The watermark consistently maintained its integrity and scannability under all tested conditions, making our method a reliable solution for enhancing digital copyright protection.
Source: Cryptography
Language: English
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,930
OpenAlex ID: W7117721848