Innovations in collagen-network remodeling and extracellular matrix mechanics: toward a new era in articular cartilage repair
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Articular cartilage is a highly specialized connective tissue with a hierarchically organized extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides the mechanical resilience necessary for joint function. Central to this functionality is the depth-dependent architecture of collagen-primarily type II-interwoven with proteoglycans, enabling efficient resistance to compressive and shear stresses. This review synthesizes recent advances in ECM dynamics, emphasizing the interplay between collagen organization, viscoelastic microenvironments, and pericellular-matrix (PCM)-mediated mechanotransduction. Emerging evidence implicates type III collagen as a regulator of early cartilage remodeling and a putative biomarker of osteoarthritis (OA) progression. Additionally, we highlight cutting-edge studies on the synergistic effects of mechanical loading and enzymatic degradation on collagen integrity, providing novel insights into ECM deterioration in disease contexts. We evaluate next-generation biomaterials-including viscoelastic hydrogels, anisotropic scaffolds, and magnetic field-assisted fiber alignment-designed to recapitulate the native anisotropy and multiscale mechanics of cartilage. Together, these recent developments redefine the landscape of cartilage repair and delineate promising avenues for translational regenerative therapies.
Authors: Kai Huang, Yifan Hong, Haili Cai
Language: English
Subfield: Rheumatology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,801
OpenAlex ID: W7118274181