Market Diversification and Revealed Comparative Advantage in Salmon Exports: Comparative Evidence from Norway, Sweden, Chile, and the United Kingdom
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the degree of diversification in exports of fresh/chilled salmon and the level of international competitiveness of Norway, Sweden, Chile, and the United Kingdom over 2020–2024, using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and the normalized revealed comparative advantage (NRCA). A quantitative, descriptive approach was adopted, drawing on annual Trade Map data for HS subheading 030214. HHI series were constructed by country–destination and NRCA series by country–market, and both were examined through univariate analysis. The findings showed that Norway exhibited low concentration levels and strong, stable advantages in Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, and Russia, whereas Sweden displayed moderate but rising concentration, supported by high advantages in Belgium, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy. In contrast, Chile and the United Kingdom recorded persistently high HHI values, with pronounced advantages concentrated in a limited number of markets (Brazil in Chile’s case; France and Chinese Taipei in the UK’s) and intra-product positions or comparative disadvantages in China, the United States, and Mexico. The study concludes that the combination of geographic diversification and positive NRCA enhances export resilience, while extreme specialization increases vulnerability to demand and regulatory shocks. It is recommended that Chile and the United Kingdom further develop diversification strategies toward markets where NRCA is neutral or negative, and that Norway and Sweden consolidate their advantages through investments in sustainability, traceability, and logistics. Further multivariate research incorporating macroeconomic and firm-level variables is also suggested.
Source: Sustainability
DOI: 10.3390/su18020568
Authors: Hugo Daniel García Juárez, Jose Carlos Montes Ninaquispe, Marco Agustín Arbulú Ballesteros, Juana Graciela Palma Vallejo, Carlos José Sandoval Reyes, Karla Paola Agurto Ruiz, Lidia Mercedes Olaya Guerrero, Denis Ernesto Angeles Goicochea, Christian David Corrales Otazú, Sarita Jessica Apaza Miranda
Language: English
Subfield: Strategy and Management
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
OpenAlex ID: W7118624121