Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperctivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that fluctuate dynamically based on context. Standard diagnostic criteria provide static descriptions, failing to capture this variability, while existing computational models may lack interpretability or flexibility for clinical application. There is a need for dynamic, theory-driven models to represent ADHD. Objective: This study aimed to develop and present a set of interpretable mathematical models representing the dynamic, context-dependent nature of the core symptoms of ADHD, grounded in established neuropsychological principles. Methods: Algebraic equations were formulated to represent symptom dynamics. Inattention was modelled using modulated exponential decay functions. Hyperactivity was represented by a modulated sinusoidal function reflecting its oscillatory pattern. Impulsive choice was modelled using hyperbolic delay discounting combined with a probabilistic softmax choice rule. Results: The study produced specific mathematical equations that quantify the temporal dynamics and contextual modulation for each core symptom domain. These equations provide a formal representation of how attention decays, hyperactivity fluctuates, and impulsive choices are made, incorporating individual sensitivities and situational factors pertinent to ADHD. Conclusion: The proposed mathematical models offer a novel, quantitative framework for understanding and representing the dynamic nature of ADHD symptoms. Grounded in neuropsychological theory, these interpretable models provide a potential advance over static descriptions and may facilitate improved clinical assessment, personalized treatment strategies, and targeted research into the mechanisms underlying ADHD. Further empirical validation is warranted to establish their clinical utility. Further empirical validation is warranted to establish their clinical utility.
Source: Frontiers in Psychiatry
Language: English
Subfield: Psychiatry and Mental health
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,801
OpenAlex ID: W7119507829