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Identifying Red Flags in Myasthenia Gravis Diagnosis, Reassessment, and Myasthenic Crisis: An Italian Delphi‐Based Position Paper

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background and Purpose Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a complex autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular transmission, often leading to diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Timely identification of “red flags” in diagnosis, therapeutic reassessment, and myasthenic crisis is crucial to optimizing patient outcomes. This Delphi‐based consensus is aimed at synthesizing expert recommendations for improving clinical practice in Italy. Methods A scientific board of 19 MG specialists and an extended panel of 47 neuromuscular experts participated in a structured Delphi methodology. Over an 11‐month period, consensus was developed across four areas: diagnostic red flags, confirmatory instrumental examinations, therapeutic reassessment, and the continuum from exacerbation to impending myasthenic crisis or to crisis. The threshold for achieving consensus was set at ≥ 75% agreement. Results Globally, 68 statements reached consensus. Key findings include the identification of “red flags” for suspecting MG, with fluctuating and fatigable muscle weakness serving as primary diagnostic indicators, often involving ocular, bulbar, and respiratory muscles. Instrumental tests, such as repetitive nerve stimulation and antibody assays, were deemed essential for diagnostic confirmation. Therapeutic reassessment in MG is warranted for unsatisfactory symptom control, clinically significant adverse events, new or worsening comorbidities, planning pregnancy, or neoplastic disease. Persistent fluctuations, exacerbations, or triggers like infections should prompt adjustments, aiming to optimize treatment while minimizing risks. High‐risk factors and triggers for myasthenic crises, including thymoma and infections, were identified, with arterial blood gas analysis highlighted as critical for crisis management. Conclusions This consensus provides actionable recommendations to enhance the identification and management of MG, addressing diagnostic delays, therapy optimization, and crisis prevention. These findings aim to guide clinical practice and foster a systematic approach to managing this heterogeneous disorder.

Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica

DOI: 10.1155/ane/9927870