Work

Targeting SPAK suppresses progression and averts an immune exhaustive microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Protein kinases contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and immune evasion, posing major challenges for HCC management. Here we show STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) as a candidate immune exhaustion–associated gene identified through a pooled screen of protein kinases. By integrating bioinformatic analyses, data from patient cohorts, and functional studies in mouse models and cell lines, we demonstrate that elevated expression of SPAK promotes HCC progression, enhances stemness, drives immune exhaustion, and contributes to resistance to targeted therapies. Mechanistically, SPAK phosphorylates GSK3β at Ser9, thereby inhibiting proteasome-mediated degradation of c-Jun and PD-L1. Additionally, we find that DNMT3B-dependent intragenic methylation of SPAK contributes to its high expression in HCC. Notably, the SPAK inhibitor exhibits potent inhibitory effects and synergizes with PD-1 blockade to enhance antitumor efficacy. In summary, these findings establish SPAK as a driver of oncogenesis and immune exhaustion in HCC and highlight dual inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy. Protein kinases contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and immune evasion. This study identifies SPAK as a key driver of oncogenesis and immune exhaustion, showing that SPAK inhibition synergizes with anti-PD-1 therapy to enhance antitumor efficacy.

Source: Nature Communications

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-68156-8