Work

Interpretation Biases in Anxiety: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis

Year: 2026

Type: article

Study designs: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis

Abstract: Interpretation biases (IBs) play a central role in cognitive models of anxiety disorders and are considered a transdiagnostic feature across anxiety disorders and severity levels. However, the magnitude of this bias in anxiety and modulating factors are largely unknown. In this three-level meta-analysis, we investigated the associations between IBs and symptoms of anxiety. Database searches (PsycINFO, PubMed, ProQuest Dissertations) led to 295 samples with 1,450 contrasts. An overall medium effect size ( g = 0.48, 95% confidence interval = [0.43, 0.52]) was found. Equivalent effect sizes were found for youths and adults and different disorder categories and clinical statuses. Effect sizes were larger for studies using direct measures, verbal stimuli, disorder-specific stimuli, and negative (as opposed to positive) stimuli. Overall, results are consistent with the view that anxiety is associated with IBs across different disorders and severity levels. These findings have implications for cognitive theories of anxiety and clinical interventions.

Source: Clinical Psychological Science

DOI: 10.1177/21677026251392855