Microfluidic Paper-Based Devices at the Edge of Real Samples: Fabrication Limits, Hybrid Detection, and Perspectives
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) convert ordinary cellulose into an active analytical platform where capillary gradients shape transport, surface chemistry guides recognition, and embedded electrodes or optical probes translate biochemical events into readable signals. Progress in fabrication-from wax and stencil barriers to laser-defined grooves, inkjet-printed conductive lattices, and 3D-structured multilayers-has expanded reaction capacity while preserving portability. Detection strategies span colorimetric fields that respond within porous fibers, fluorescence and ratiometric architectures tuned for low abundance biomarkers, and electrochemical interfaces resilient to turbidity, salinity, and biological noise. Applications now include diagnosing human body fluids, checking food safety, monitoring the environment, and testing for pesticides and illegal drugs, often in places with limited resources. Researchers are now using learning algorithms to read minute gradients or currents imperceptible to the human eye, effectively enhancing and assisting the measurement process. This perspective article focuses on the newest advancements in the design, fabrication, material selection, testing methods, and applications of µPADs, and it explains how they work, where they can be used, and what their future might hold.
Source: Micromachines
DOI: 10.3390/mi17010105
Authors: Hsing-Meng Wang, Sheng-Zhuo Lee, Lung-Ming Fu
Institution: National Cheng Kung University
Language: English
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,534
Awards: G3203545782, Fast and Precise Multifunctional Microfluidic Detection System for Identification and Detection of Urine Microorganisms and Bacterial Virulence Factors, Multifunctional Peritoneal Dialysis Diagnostic Microfluidic Detection Platform, Development of Biological Contactless Intelligent Real-Time Monitoring System for Pathogens and Drug Residues in Aquatic Environments( I )
OpenAlex ID: W7123660376