Stochastic geometric model for overlapping beads fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing under uncertainties
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: The well known version of Electrode Deposition Method, the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), has found its way from being a metal joining process to an Additive Manufacturing process. Its capability to fabricate parts of bigger dimensions has attracted manufactures particularly in the field of aeronautical industries. Further optimisations and innovations in this technique has led to the development up for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). WAAM coupled with improved metal transfer mode called the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) has improved the geometric quality of the parts produced. But the complex physics inherent to the process requires variable controls for the fabrication, generating surface irregularities on the beads which are difficult to predict. These irregularities cumulates as the fabrication is advanced from single beads to layers, and then to multiple layers forming the final part.The formation of layers involves the overlapping of adjacent beads which are spaced at an offset distance. But because of the irregular form of the beads, the offset distance also have to be controlled as a function of the form of the bead sections. Several existing models neglect the continuous variations and recommend deterministic values which is different from reality. Therefore, the current study is dedicated in developing a statistical model to predict the offset distance and its variations by considering the actual irregularities in the bead geometry.
Authors: Shyam Pulickan, Pascal Lafon, Laurent Langlois
Language: English
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $3,990
Funder: Agence Nationale de la Recherche
OpenAlex ID: W7124262112