Work

Virtual reality–based assessment of visuo-vestibular integration in vestibular migraine and migraine: static and dynamic visual vertical and rod-and-frame tests

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background Vestibular migraine (VM) is the most common cause of episodic vertigo, yet its diagnostic markers remain limited. Perception of verticality, measured via static subjective visual vertical (SVV), dynamic SVV (DSVV), and the rod-and-frame test (RFT), provides insight into visuo-vestibular integration. Traditional approaches, however, often test these paradigms in isolation with limited ecological validity. Objective To evaluate a novel virtual reality (VR)-based protocol combining SVV, DSVV, and RFT to characterize visuo-vestibular integration in VM, migraine without vestibular symptoms (M), and healthy controls (HC). Methods Fifty participants (VM n = 15, M n = 15, HC n = 20) completed VR-based SVV, DSVV, and RFT assessments using the BalanceVR system. Disability was assessed using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS). Between-group differences were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis tests with Mann–Whitney U post-hoc comparisons. Correlations between orientation measures and questionnaires were assessed using Spearman’s rho. Results VM patients exhibited significantly greater SVV deviations than HC ( p = 0.015). DSVV errors were elevated in VM vs. HC ( p = 0.040). RFT showed robust group differences ( p < 0.001), with the most significant visual dependence in VM. DHI and MIDAS scores were significantly higher in both patient groups than HC ( p < 0.001). DSVV ( ρ ≈ 0.45) and RFT (ρ ≈ 0.69) showed stronger correlations with disability than static SVV (ρ ≈ 0.30). Conclusion VM is characterized by difficulties in dynamic and visually complex situations, rather than static balance problems. Combining DSVV and RFT with SVV enhances diagnostic sensitivity, explains patients’ daily challenges, and supports rehabilitation approaches aimed at reducing visual dependence and improving sensory balance.

Source: Frontiers in Neurology

DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1710226

Authors: Hanifi Korkmaz, Sibel Çıplak, Rania Alkahtani

Institutions: Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi, Turgut Özal University, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University

Language: English

Topic: Vestibular and auditory disorders

Subfield: Neurology

Field: Neuroscience

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,801