Work

Converting cocoa farms into gold mines – negotiations, compensation and outcomes for farmers in Ghana

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: • Formal or informal negotiations occur in cocoa farm conversions for mining. • Negotiations are influenced by factors which cause suboptimal outcomes. • Factors are information asymmetry, social connections, intimidation and collusion. • Formal compensations were lump sums and below reference rates. • Informal compensations were share arrangements and comparatively higher.

Source: Resources Policy

DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2026.105843

Authors: Josephine Montford, Regina Birner, Christine Bosch, Boateng Kyereh

Institutions: University of Hohenheim, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

Language: English

Topic: Mining and Resource Management

Subfield: Building and Construction

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: No poverty, Peace, justice, and strong institutions, Decent work and economic growth, Zero hunger

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $3,810