Correlation of Exam Stress and Happiness with Seasonal Affective Disorder in Undergraduate Students
Year: 2025
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Background: Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a subtype of major depressive disorder characterized by recurring seasonal depressive episodes. While several risk factors for SAD have been identified, the role of exam stress and happiness remains unexplored. Objective: This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of SAD among undergraduate students and examined its association with exam-induced stress and subjective happiness. Methods: Data were collected from 299 students across 27 institutions in Lahore, Pakistan, using the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), Westside Test Anxiety Scale (WTAS), and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). Results: The prevalence of SAD was 13%, with winter SAD being the most common subtype. A significant positive correlation was found between exam stress and SAD severity, particularly among students whose exam period coincided with their SAD season (p = 0.008). However, no significant association was observed between subjective happiness and SAD (p = 0.327). Conclusion: Non-medical students reported higher exam stress and lower happiness levels than medical students. These findings highlight the impact of academic stress on SAD and emphasize the need for psychological interventions alongside conventional treatments. Future studies should explore targeted mental health strategies to mitigate the effects of SAD among students facing academic pressure.
Authors: Muhammad Umair Khalid, Momina Hassan, Sarah Ali, Aiza Zehra Zaidi, Ismail Mazhar, Syed Imran Ali Shah
Language: English
Topic: Student Stress and Coping
Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7124581314
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