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Executive functions and risk factors in ASD diagnosis: A perspective from family reports and clinical support levels

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This study explores the relationship between autism risk history and executive functions (EF) reported by families during the diagnostic evaluation process of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Level 1 and 2. A total of 305 clinical protocols were analyzed between 2021 and 2022, collecting information on developmental history, biomedical, sensory, and communicative factors, alongside EF scores obtained through parent-reported BRIEF-2 and BRIEF-P questionnaires. Results showed significant associations between language and communication difficulties and several EF domains, including inhibition, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and planning. Notably, children classified as receiving Level 1 support—considered to have lower intervention needs—were perceived by their families as having greater EF difficulties within the home context compared to those receiving Level 2 support. This apparent contradiction highlights a potential disconnect between family perceptions and clinical judgment, possibly influenced by contextual factors such as family support strategies or environmental demands. Findings emphasize the importance of incorporating family-reported information in assessments and planning interventions, and suggest that multi-informant approaches may enhance the accuracy of EF evaluations and guide tailored, family-centered support strategies. • What is already known about this topic?: Executive functions are often impaired in individuals with autism and relate to adaptive behavior and emotional regulation. • What this paper adds?: Family-reported developmental risk,especially lenguage dificulties, are linked to executive function impairments in ADS. • Implications for practice, research or policy: Findings highlight the need for family-centered assessments and integrating clinical and family reports to guide suport.

Source: Research in Autism

DOI: 10.1016/j.reia.2026.202805

Authors: Juan Conteras Vera, Luis Ortiz Jiménez, Antonio Martínez Sánchez, Juan Francisco Gázquez Hernández

Institution: University of Almería

Language: English

Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder Research

Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience

Field: Neuroscience

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $3,410