Crumpled and Exfoliated Graphene as Transducers in High Sensitivity Potentiometric Nitrate Sensors
Year: 2025
Type: conference-paper
Abstract: This work presents a comparative study of two graphene morphologies-crumpled graphene (CG) and liquid-phase exfoliated graphene (LPE)-as transducer materials in fully printed electrochemical potentiometric nitrate sensors. Electrochemical sensors composed of CG and LPE as the active layer in the working electrode were fabricated on polyimide substrates using both aerosol jet and inkjet printing. The working electrodes were both functionalized using a nitrate ion-selective membrane. Both sensor types demonstrated super-Nernstian sensitivities of$-\mathbf{9 6. 4 5 m V} /$dec and -94.58 mV/dec for CG and LPE, respectively, with sub-5-second response times and low micromolar limits of detection ($\sim 2.1 \mu \mathrm{M}$for CG and$\sim 3.2 \mu \mathrm{M}$for LPE). Despite differences in morphology, both graphene materials exhibited comparable performance, which suggests that electrical double layer (EDL)-driven transduction dominates sensor performance. These findings highlight the potential of crumpled and exfoliated graphene for scalable, high-performance nitrate sensing applications.
Institutions: University of Wisconsin–Madison, University of Duisburg-Essen
Language: English
Subfield: Bioengineering
Field: Chemical Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7124851543