Work

Variational principles using a non-symmetric non-triangular distance

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: We consider Borwein-Preiss and Ekeland variational principles using a distance function that neither is symmetric nor enjoy the triangular inequality. All the given results rely exclusively on the convergence and continuity behaviors induced synthetically by the distance function itself without any topological implications. At the end of the paper, we also present two applications; the Caristi fixed point theorem and an existence theorem for equilibrium problems.

Source: Fixed Point Theory and Algorithms for Sciences and Engineering

DOI: 10.1186/s13663-026-00824-w

Authors: Natthaya Boonyam, Parin Chaipunya, Poom Kumam

Institutions: King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science

Language: English

Topic: Fixed Point Theorems Analysis

Subfield: Geometry and Topology

Field: Mathematics

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,790

Funder: King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi