Work

Mutational patterns and ancestry-linked profiles in a large hepatocellular carcinoma and combined hepatocellular–cholangiocarcinoma cohort

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite significant therapeutic advancements, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a highly fatal malignancy. To accelerate the development of targeted therapies, a comprehensive understanding of the spectrum of genomic alterations (GAs) is essential. Here, we present what is, to our knowledge, the largest genomic analysis of real-world HCC and combined HCC-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tumor samples from 2372 HCC patients and 150 patients with cHCC-CCA underwent genomic profiling using the FoundationOne® platform covering >290 genes, as well as tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite status. RESULTS: Our comprehensive and representative analysis included 1793 male and 577 female patients across five genetic ancestries. Female patients exhibited lower frequencies of GAs in TERT, MYC, and CTNNB1, with higher rates of BAP1 GA. Patients of East Asian ancestry presented an increased frequency of TP53, MUTYH, and TET2 GAs, as well as a higher proportion of TMB-high tumors. Compared with HCC, cHCC-CCA exhibited higher frequencies of IDH1 (8.0% versus 0.3%), IDH2 (2.7% versus 0.04%), and FGFR2 (7.3% versus 0.3%) alterations. Potentially actionable alterations were detected in 19.5% of HCC patients and 34.7% of mixed histology. Histological re-assessment due to detection of GA uncommon for HCC was carried out in 117 patients, resulting in a change in diagnosis in 37 cases. Limitations include the absence of detailed clinical data and dependence on the CE-certified Foundation Medicine (FMI) platform for functional annotation of detected variants. CONCLUSIONS: Our study represents one of the largest cohorts of HCC and cHCC-CCA patients with genomic data and highlights the critical role of integrated molecular diagnostics. Beyond uncovering therapeutic targets, next-generation sequencing profiling offers significant benefits in improving diagnostic accuracy for liver cancer.

Source: ESMO Open

DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2025.106048