Work

Influence of strength and musculotendinous properties on running biomechanics on different terrains in highly trained trail runners

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background This study aimed to explore the relationship between running biomechanics on two flat surfaces—athletic track and trail—and strength deficit (SDef) at various percentages of one-repetition maximum (1 RM) in the half-squat (HSQ). Additionally, it sought to examine whether SDef at these loads is influenced by patellar tendon morphology in highly trained trail runners. Methods Fifteen trail runners performed an HSQ 1 RM test following a velocity-based approach and two running time trials (9 and 3 min) on two different surfaces. Mean propulsive velocity and peak force were recorded using a linear position transducer and used to calculate SDef from 30 to 90% of 1 RM. The Stryd power meter (Stryd Next Gen, Boulder, CO, USA) was used to assess leg stiffness, speed, ground contact time, and cadence during the four running bouts. Patellar tendon thickness and cross-sectional area were also measured with a high-definition ultrasound device. Results Large negative associations were found between SDef at 40–70% 1 RM and shorter ground contact time and higher leg stiffness, particularly in the 3‑min trial on trail terrain. Furthermore, patellar tendon thickness was also negatively associated with SDef at low-to-moderate loads (40–60% 1 RM). Conclusion These findings suggest that runners with greater SDef compensate via enhanced musculotendinous elastic properties, highlighting the functional role of patellar tendon thickness. Assessment of SDef provides a valuable basis for individualized training prescription in trail runners, guiding practitioners to focus either on increasing the rate of force development at low-to-moderate loads to reduce SDef or on plyometric training to maximize elastic efficiency.

Source: German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research

DOI: 10.1007/s12662-026-01092-x

Authors: Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Luis Santos, Antonio Cartón-Llorente

Institutions: Universität Innsbruck, Universidad San Jorge, Universidad de Oviedo

Language: English

Topic: Sports Performance and Training

Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $2,590