Uniform Monolithic Perovskite Films for Scalable Modules: Anti‐Solvent‐Free Crystallization via Seed Priming and Vacuum Processing
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: ABSTRACT Scaling high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells into commercially viable modules remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate a seed‐primed, vacuum‐assisted crystallization (S‐VAC) strategy that links oleylamine‐induced α‐phase nanocrystal seeding to vacuum‐driven vertical crystal growth. Complementary in situ characterization, including time‐resolved GIWAXS, solution‐state NMR, and dynamic light scattering (DLS), reveals that oleylamine forms uniform ≈1.7 nm α‐phase seeds in the precursor solution via hydrogen bonding with FA + cations and steric stabilization. These seeds prime the substrate for controlled, single‐crystal‐like vertical growth under low‐pressure vacuum processing, thereby eliminating the need for toxic antisolvents. The resulting monolithic perovskite films exhibit strong (100) texture and high uniformity across 15 × 15 cm 2 substrates. Using S‐VAC, we achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.2% for 2.5 × 2.5 cm 2 devices and a certified efficiency of 19.1% for 15 × 15 cm 2 mini‐modules. Encapsulated modules retain >94% of their initial efficiency after one year of continuous outdoor operation. By establishing a molecular‐level basis for oleylamine‐assisted seed formation and demonstrating scalable, antisolvent‐free processing, this work advances seed‐assisted crystallization and supports the practical commercialization of robust and sustainable perovskite photovoltaics.
Source: Advanced Energy Materials
Authors: Sun‐Ju Kim, Seungyeon Hong, Dong‐Geon Kwun, Yu Jin Kang, Thanh‐Danh Nguyen, In Hwa Cho, Sung Hun Lee, Gyeong‐Cheon Choi, Geun‐young Yoon, Siyeon Seo, Weifan Luo, Ghewa Alsabeh, Dong‐Hwan Hwang, Min Jun Choi, Jong‐Min Kim, Olzhas Kurman, Dong‐Ok Kim, Dong‐Ok Kim, Sohyun Park, Jong H. Kim, O‐Pil Kwon, Jovana V. Milić, Michael Grätzel, Do‐Hyung Kim, Do‐Hyung Kim, Hyo Jung Kim, Ji‐Youn Seo
Language: English
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $5,790
OpenAlex ID: W7125430542