A Catalog of 971 FR I Radio Galaxies from the FIRST Survey via Hybrid Deep Learning and Ridgeline Flux Density Distribution Analysis
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: We present a catalog of 971 FR I radio galaxies (FR Is) identified from the Very Large Array Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty centimeters (FIRST) survey. The identifications were made using a hybrid method that combines deep learning with ridgeline flux density distribution analysis. Among these sources, 845 are new discoveries. The catalog comprises sources characterized by edge-darkened double jets, an absence of significant bent morphology, and angular sizes ranging from 23″ to 159″. Optical and/or infrared counterparts have been identified for 813 FR Is. Among these, the host galaxies are predominantly (88.1%) red galaxies, with the remainder (11.9%) being blue galaxies; notably, most blue galaxies exhibit high radio power. The FR I sample spans a radio power range of 1.20 × 10 21 ≤ P 1400 ≤ 3.55 × 10 27 W Hz −1 at 1400 MHz and reaches redshifts up to z = 2.307. The host galaxies have r -band absolute magnitudes in the range of −24 ≲ M r ≲ −20 mag. For the 512 FR Is with estimates, the black hole masses fall within 10 7 ≲ M BH ≲ 7.94 × 10 9 M ⊙ . Based on optical emission-line ratios and mid-infrared colors, spectroscopic classification shows that 571 hosts are low-excitation radio galaxies and 59 are high-excitation radio galaxies.
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $4,499
Funders: National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Yale University, Vanderbilt University, Ohio State University, California Institute of Technology, University of Washington, Johns Hopkins University, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Notre Dame, University of Portsmouth, New Mexico State University, Carnegie Institution for Science, York University, University of Oxford, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Office of Science, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Division of Astronomical Sciences, High Energy Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Awards: G1044631029, G1079818582, G1143651532, G1286236842, G1632040200, G1813527838, G1863003419, G1877807631, G2404202718, G3119621655, G3415161141, G3750732148, G419881185, G42916606, G4501827968, G4880912997, G498139845, G5004724115, G5029987767, G5050199812, G5703186329, G6043547882, G628229845, G6652958823, G6827710320, G6876926712, G6972772901, G704498496, G7146827954, Management and Operations of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, G7354628648, G757502647, G759921648
OpenAlex ID: W7125986109
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