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Steroid hormones and nephrolithiasis: regulation of urine components metabolism and inflammation

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: The global incidence of nephrolithiasis has increased significantly in recent decades. The prevalence remains higher in males than females, the exact mechanisms responsible for this gender-based disparity in nephrolithiasis risk remain incompletely understood. Although dietary and lifestyle factors contribute to this difference, they do not entirely account for the observed variation. Emerging evidence suggests that steroid hormones may play a pivotal role in modulating renal stone formation through their influence on calcium, oxalate, and phosphate metabolism, as well as regulating the renal inflammatory microenvironment. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the interplay between steroid hormones and nephrolithiasis pathogenesis, providing a theoretical framework for understanding gender-specific susceptibility and highlighting potential avenues for tailored preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Source: Biology of Sex Differences

DOI: 10.1186/s13293-026-00833-9

Authors: Xinrong Zhang, Shuaibin Wang, Jiaxin Zhao, Bingyu Xiang, Mingxia Zhang

Institutions: Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Provincial Children's Hospital

Language: English

Topic: Kidney Stones and Urolithiasis Treatments

Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,290