Work

Controllable Generation and Mode Tuning of High‐Order Hermite–Gaussian Beams via Off‐Axis Pumping

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: ABSTRACT We demonstrate the generation of high‐order, 1D Hermite–Gaussian (HG) laser beams with independently tunable orthogonal directions in an off‐axis pumped Nd:YVO 4 solid‐state laser. These HG modes are successfully converted to Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) modes using a mode converter. We independently adjusted the pump beam displacement in the horizontal and vertical directions, achieving HG modes up to the 87th order. With an input power of 4 W, the HG 1 , 0 mode exhibited an output power of 1.96 W and an optical‐to‐optical conversion efficiency of 49%, while the HG 87 , 0 mode delivered an output power of 1.1 W with a corresponding efficiency of 27.6%. Continuous selection of the mode order in a specific dimension was realized by independently controlling the off‐axis displacements in two orthogonal directions. Finally, using a cylindrical lens mode converter, we successfully converted the HG modes into LG modes. This laser system can serve as a versatile source for applications including long‐range free‐space optical communication, optical trapping and manipulation of particles, optical sensing, and laser‐driven electron acceleration.

Source: Annalen der Physik

DOI: 10.1002/andp.202500628