Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: The widely accepted story that the founder of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Francine Shapiro, developed an interest in eye movements through a chance discovery in 1987 is false. A newly uncovered photograph from 1985 provides what photographers refer to as the “Decisive Moment” (Cartier-Bresson, 1952), and establishes that Shapiro’s interest in eye movements derived from Neurolinguistic Programming. We then show that Shapiro’s early adoption and later disavowal of NLP are best understood in the context of her interests in New Age and holistic approaches to health care, her pursuit of various business ventures, her studies at an unaccredited graduate program, and NLP’s standing in the 1980s. Our findings caution that an innovator’s claims and accomplishments must be considered in the context of an accurate history.
Authors: Gerald Rosen, Loren Pankratz
Institutions: University of Washington, Oregon Health & Science University
Language: English
Subfield: General Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $4,190
OpenAlex ID: W7127329145