Work

Correlation between metabolic cost and perceived comfort during human-in-the-loop optimization of a prosthetic foot

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human-in-the-loop optimization provides a standardized approach to enhance the effectiveness of assistive technology for gait by tuning devices to the needs of the individual user. Metabolic cost is frequently used as optimization objective. However, the assessment of metabolic cost requires relatively long-lasting physiological steady-state conditions. Subjective user preference could be an interesting alternative optimization objective that could shorten trial duration. We aim to explore whether the measured metabolic cost of walking correlates with the perceived comfort of the user during human-in-the-loop optimization process. METHODS: Ten transtibial amputees underwent an optimization protocol while walking on a treadmill with an experimental prosthetic foot with tuneable stiffness and alignment. We used human-in-the-loop optimization to minimize the metabolic cost of walking by optimizing the stiffness and alignment of the prosthetic foot, using an evolutionary optimization algorithm. The participant's perceived comfort of every optimization trial was determined via the visual analogue comfort scale. To determine the association between metabolic cost and perceived comfort during the optimization period, we performed a repeated measures correlation and a separate Pearson correlation for every individual. RESULTS: Results showed a moderate negative correlation between metabolic cost and perceived comfort. On an individual level a significant correlation was found in six out of ten cases. SIGNIFICANCE: Perceived comfort allows people to prioritize different optimization objectives simultaneously, and apparently, metabolic cost is prioritized to varying extents.

Source: Gait & Posture

DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2026.110111

Authors: Thijs Tankink, Han Houdijk, Raffaella Carloni, Juha M. Hijmans

Institutions: University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen

Language: English

Topic: Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics

Subfield: Biomedical Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $3,510