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Incidence and clinical features of ANCA-associated vasculitis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: experience from a single-center in Northern Spain

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background: A transient increase in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) incidence was observed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to assess new AAV diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic in a single-center cohort. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients newly diagnosed with AAV at a tertiary care university hospital in Northern Spain between January 2019 and December 2022. Cases were classified according to the 2022 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (ACR/EULAR) criteria. Clinical and serologic data were collected, including antibody specificity for proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA), as well as the temporal relationship to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination. Results: = 0.031). Approximately 40% of patients diagnosed during this period had a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection or had been vaccinated against COVID-19 in the preceding 3 months. By 2022, AAV incidence returned to pre-pandemic levels. Contrary to initial trends, demographic and clinical characteristics remained stable; no significant differences were observed in age, gender distribution, disease severity, or organ involvement between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. While a numerical increase in PR3-ANCA cases was noted during the pandemic, MPO-ANCA remained the predominant subtype. Conclusion: The temporary but significant rise in AAV incidence suggests a possible temporal association with COVID-19 infection or vaccination. These findings underscore the need to conduct larger, multicentre studies to confirm these observations, investigate potential pathophysiological mechanisms, and improve clinical management approaches.

Source: Frontiers in Medicine

DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1766518