Wind-driven wave overtopping on permeable revetments: spatial distribution and wave-induced load characteristics
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: A coupled wind–wave–structure numerical model is developed to investigate wind-driven overtopping of sloped seawalls armored with dolos blocks. The model integrates Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for air–water interactions with a Darcy-Forchheimer porous-media representation of the armor layer, and employs the waves2Foam toolbox to reproduce typhoon-like conditions. A systematic parametric study is conducted to quantify the spatial distribution of overtopping volume and dynamic wave-induced loads on the hinterland. The results indicate that overtopping water and wave-induced load approximately follow a Gaussian-type spatial distribution behind the seawall within the present study conditions. Increasing onshore wind speed and water depth shifts the centroid of overtopping volume landward and significantly enlarges the high-risk impact zone. Increasing armor-layer thickness reduces the peak wave-induced load but extends its footprint landward. Random block placement enhances energy dissipation and effectively suppresses overtopping for thinner layers, whereas regular placement promotes farther-reaching impacts. These results provide quantitative guidance for the hydraulic design and safety zoning of permeable coastal revetments subjected to strong winds and extreme wave conditions.
Source: Ocean Engineering
Language: English
Topic: Coastal and Marine Dynamics
Subfield: Earth-Surface Processes
Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $4,150
OpenAlex ID: W7127904638