Work

CO2 emissions in electrified detached houses with photovoltaic generators: An hourly emission-profile approach with demand-side management and battery integration

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Residential energy systems are moving toward carbon neutrality as households electrify their energy demand and install photovoltaic (PV) generators. These shifts alter the household demand profiles and temporal generation-side variations, causing significant shifts in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission patterns. This trend highlights the need for hourly CO 2 emission factors to quantitatively capture emission dynamics and, in turn, resolve demand–supply imbalances and reduce overall CO 2 emissions. Therefore, this study proposes an integrated control strategy of appliances and batteries (BTs) in electrified houses with PV generators. The control method minimizes the demand–supply imbalance by maximizing household energy self-sufficiency using an exhaustive search algorithm. The controller schedules heat pump, water heater, air conditioner, and BT operations based on the PV availability. We conducted a case study using Japanese household data and different PV-BT capacities to evaluate the control performance. The results indicate that 78–82% of the daily household CO 2 emissions occur between 4p.m. and 8 a.m., when the hourly CO 2 emission factors are higher than those during daylight. Under the same PV-BT capacity, for Tokyo, the controlled system reduced the monthly CO 2 emissions by 9–23% and decreased the annual household costs by 4–10% under a CO 2 tax scenario when compared with the uncontrolled method. These findings indicate that coordinating the appliance and BT operations with PV generation can effectively reduce residential CO 2 emissions and support demand-side pathways toward energy self-sufficient carbon–neutral homes.

Source: Energy Conversion and Management X

DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101642

Authors: Mincheol Cho, Tomonori Honda

Institution: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Language: English

Topic: Smart Grid Energy Management

Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Affordable and clean energy, Climate action, Sustainable cities and communities, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,170