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Carcinogens in Petroleum-derived Products: Evaluation of Benzene, Ethylbenzene, and Other Carcinogens Under High Temperatures

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background: Petroleum-derived products (PDPs) often contain carcinogens such as benzene and ethylbenzene. However, exposure risks significantly increase during high-temperature workplace processes (120°C-180°C). We evaluated the thermal release of various carcinogens in PDPs, focusing on benzene, ethylbenzene, and other European Union Regulation on Classification, Labelling, and Packaging 1A/1B compounds under elevated temperatures. Methods: Thirty PDPs were categorized into four groups: viscous liquid of lubricant (VL), aerosol of lubricant, semisolid of grease, and aerosol of remover. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Headspace analysis was conducted at temperatures from 30°C to 180°C to evaluate volatile carcinogens. Results: The number of carcinogens increased systematically with temperature. At 180°C, European Union Regulation on Classification, Labelling, and Packaging 1A/1B compounds were found in 40-75% of samples. Benzene was detected in 13 products (43.33%) and ethylbenzene in 29 products (96.67%). Increasing temperature enhanced benzene concentrations in 20-50% of products and ethylbenzene concentrations in 17-80% of products, with VL products showing the highest concentrations. Notably, several carcinogens not listed on standard Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) were detected at temperatures exceeding 120°C. Conclusion: Benzene and ethylbenzene should be removed from PDPs when possible. Elevated temperatures release additional "hidden" carcinogens not listed on SDSs. VL products should be avoided in high-temperature environments, and adequate ventilation and worker education are essential when using these products in confined spaces.

Source: Safety and Health at Work

DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2026.01.005

Authors: Dongwon Kim, Jimin Kim, Nahyun Lee, Taeyeon Kim

Institutions: Seoul National University, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, Seoul National University of Science and Technology

Language: English

Topic: Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces

Subfield: Occupational Therapy

Field: Health Professions

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,750