Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Low frequency electromagnetic waves emitted by sprite‐producing lightning are normally measured using vertical electric fields or horizontal magnetic fields. Here we report for the first time the simultaneous measurement of electromagnetic waves from sprite‐producing lightning in all six electromagnetic field components . A rigorous assessment of the horizontal electric field measurements with dipole antennas in two independent calibration experiments shows that a timing uncertainty of ns can be achieved, well above the current fundamental limit of the timing accuracy 1–5 ps. The coupling between the electric and magnetic fields is quantified using a transfer matrix, allowing the magnetic field to be reconstructed accurately from electric field measurements. The cross product of electric and magnetic fields is used to calculate peak energy fluxes and arrival azimuths from sprite‐producing lightning. It is found that peak energy fluxes vary between 10–1,000 and that the differences between the measured and expected arrival azimuths are practically normally distributed with a mean and standard deviation of . It is concluded that horizontal electric field measurements are well suited to characterize electromagnetic waves with added benefits, including the ease of deployment in harsh environments, cost‐effectiveness and scalability, for example for polarisation measurements in large low frequency arrays. The significance of this study is that it can be used as a pathfinder mission to identify critical technical requirements for the array deployment during the Africa2Moon lander mission.
Source: Radio Science
DOI: 10.1029/2025rs008543
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $3,700
OpenAlex ID: W7128169844