Work

Sustainably 3D-Printing Mortar with Construction Residue Sand: Printability, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructural Mechanisms

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This study addresses the technical challenges of using construction residue sand (CRS) with high mud content in 3D printing by developing a novel sustainable mortar system. The key novelty lies in optimizing the mix design with calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA) and defining a quantitative printability window. Results show that at a CSA dosage of 10–15% and a sand–binder ratio of 1.4–1.5, the mortar achieves excellent printability, with a fluidity of 165–195 mm and a slump of 10–40 mm. Mechanistically, CSA promotes AFt formation, refining pore structure, and enhancing mechanical strength. This work provides a high-value pathway for recycling construction waste and advancing green intelligent construction.

Source: Buildings

DOI: 10.3390/buildings16040709

Authors: Wenjuan Zhou, Can Yang, Xiao He, Mingli Zhou, Handi Zhao

Institutions: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Language: English

Topic: Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials

Subfield: Building and Construction

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Responsible consumption and production, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137