Work

Global distribution and evolution of nine major non-polio enteroviruses revealed by genomic data mining

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Objectives This study aimed to elucidate the global epidemic trends and evolutionary characteristics of nine major non-polio enterovirus serotypes (CVA2, CVA4, CVA6, CVA10, CVA16, CVB3, CVB5, EV-A71, and EV-D68) through genomic data mining, focusing on their spatiotemporal distribution and evolutionary dynamics. Design We employed a data mining framework integrating programming, phylogenetic analysis, Bayesian evolutionary modeling, and selection pressure assessment. Over 40,000 genomic sequences from GenBank were analyzed to reconstruct temporal phylogenies, estimate evolutionary rates, and characterize amino acid variability in the capsid protein. Seasonal decomposition and spatial-temporal trend modeling were applied to evaluate epidemic patterns across six WHO regions. Results This study yielded several key findings that include: (1) Distinct biennial/triennial epidemic cycles for EV-D68 and seasonal peaks for HFMD-associated serotypes; (2) The novel "60% to Transcend" theory posits that once the cumulative VP1 nucleotide mutations reach 60%, the cumulative non-synonymous amino acid mutations begin to exceed that threshold; (3) Episodic positive selection at critical VP1 codons, suggesting immune-driven evolution; (4) The relative genetic diversity trends, with EV-A71, CVA16 and CVA6 have shown sustained expansion, while CVB5 and EV-D68 diversity has plummeted during COVID-19 outbreaks. Conclusions This study provides valuable insights into the changing landscape of enterovirus infections and reiterates the importance of genomic epidemiology in tracking their spread. Consistent research in this field is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and control enterovirus-related diseases on a global scale.

Source: Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2026.102485