Work

Holding AI Accountable Like Herding Cats: The Contingent Impact on the Legitimacy of Algorithmic Bureaucracy

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: ABSTRACT The rise of artificial intelligence in public decision‐making is reshaping state legitimacy by shifting administrative discretion from human bureaucracies to algorithmic systems. While research has explored AI accountability and legitimacy deficits, how they are related across different decision contexts remains unclear. Drawing on bureaucratic legitimacy, procedural fairness, and forum drifting theories, this study examines how AI accountability and effectiveness shape legitimacy perceptions, depending on decision outcomes. Using three survey experiments with 1135 participants in China, we find that accountability is most crucial when AI decisions introduce losses to citizens, whereas effectiveness plays a greater role when outcomes are positive to them. Additionally, the interaction effects between AI accountability and effectiveness are also contingent on decision outcomes. These findings advance AI governance research by highlighting the conditions under which algorithmic legitimacy is strengthened or weakened, emphasizing the need for tailored accountability and effectiveness strategies based on decision outcomes.

Source: Public Administration

DOI: 10.1111/padm.70043

Authors: Ruoxuan Liu, Yanbing Han

Institution: Nanjing University

Language: English

Topic: Ethics and Social Impacts of AI

Subfield: Safety Research

Field: Social Sciences

Domain: Social Sciences

SDG: Peace, justice, and strong institutions

Open Access status: bronze

Funder: National Natural Science Foundation of China