Work

Metal mixture inflammatory index and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease patients: A nationally representative cohort study from the NHANES 1999 to 2018

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are frequently exposed to environmental heavy metals, which can easily aggravate the condition or even accelerate death. The association between the metal mixture inflammatory index (MMII) and mortality in CKD patients has not been investigated yet. The MMII was developed using reduced rank regression models to gauge the systemic inflammatory potential of a multi-metal mixture. We analyzed data from 2569 CKD patients who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) with follow-up until December 31, 2019. The association between MMII and mortality was explored via multivariate COX regressions. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to tertiles of MMII: MMII-1 (-0.699 to 0.06), MMII-2 (0.060-0.268), and MMII-3 (0.268-1.329). Compared to MMII-1, the hazard ratios for all-cause, non-cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in MMII-3 were 1.30 (1.01-1.67), 1.49 (1.09-2.03), and 2.44 (1.33-4.49), respectively. In this nationally representative sample of U.S. CKD patients, MMII was closely associated with an increased risk of all-cause, non-CVD, and cancer mortality.

Source: Medicine

DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000047693

Authors: Jinmei Tang, Kangqin Cai, Qingfang Lin, Qin Pan

Institution: Zigong First People's Hospital

Language: English

Topic: Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity

Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,950