3D Finite Element Models of Zigzag Grounding Transformer for Zero-Sequence Impedance Calculation
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Accurate prediction of the zero-sequence impedance (Z0) of three-legged zigzag grounding transformers is essential for ground-fault protection and power-quality performance, yet manufacturer analytical estimations often have limited accuracy. This paper investigates how accurately Z0 can be predicted using 3D finite element method (FEM) models based on the stored magnetic energy approach and how modeling the metallic tank and nonlinear core B–H behavior affects Z0 relative to analytical calculations and laboratory measurements. Two 3D FEM models are developed for a three-legged zigzag grounding transformer, incorporating the nonlinear core characteristic; impedance boundary conditions are used to efficiently account for tank-induced currents while reducing computational cost. The FEM results are compared with laboratory tests and with the analytical method used by manufacturers. The proposed models achieve errors below 4% with respect to the nominal Z0 and outperform the analytical approach. The contributions are a validated 3D FEM methodology that resolves zero-sequence flux paths under fault conditions and a practical modeling tool that improves grounding transformer design and ground-fault protection settings in modern power systems.
Source: Applied System Innovation
DOI: 10.3390/asi9020041
Language: English
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,689
OpenAlex ID: W7128787195