Image-Based Malware Classification Using DCGAN-Augmented Data and a CNN–Transformer Hybrid Model
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: With the rapid growth and diversification of malware, accurate multi-class detection remains challenging due to severe class imbalance and limited labeled data. This work presents an image-based malware classification framework that converts executable binaries into 64×64 grayscale images, employs class-wise DCGAN augmentation to mitigate severe imbalance (initial imbalance ratio >12 across 31 families, N≈9300), and trains a hybrid CNN–Transformer model that captures both local texture features and long-range contextual dependencies. The DCGAN generator produces high-fidelity synthetic samples, evaluated using Inception Score (IS) =3.43, Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) =10.99, and Kernel Inception Distance (KID) =0.0022, and is used to equalize class counts before classifier training. On the blended dataset the proposed GAN-balanced CNN–Transformer achieves an overall accuracy of 95% and a macro-averaged F1-score of 0.95; the hybrid model also attains validation accuracy of ≈94% while substantially improving minority-class recognition. Compared to CNN-only and Transformer-only baselines, the hybrid approach yields more stable convergence, reduced overfitting, and stronger per-class performance, while remaining feasible for practical deployment. These results demonstrate that DCGAN-driven balancing combined with CNN–Transformer feature fusion is an effective, scalable solution for robust malware family classification.
Source: Future Internet
DOI: 10.3390/fi18020102
Authors: Manya Dhingra, Achin Jain, Niharika Thakur, Anurag Choubey, Massimo Donelli, Arun Kumar Dubey, Arvind Panwar
Language: English
Subfield: Signal Processing
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,930
OpenAlex ID: W7128906315
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