Work

Human Activities and Climate Jointly Shape the Old-Tree Diversity in Human-Dominated Landscapes of the Yellow River Basin, China

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Old trees function as enduring ecological legacies that preserve historical biodiversity within intensively human-modified landscapes, yet the relative influence of environmental versus anthropogenic drivers on their diversity remains unclear. Here, we aim to disentangle the joint effects of climate, urbanization intensity and cultural preservation on old-tree density and community composition. We analyzed a province-wide census of 21,733 old-tree individuals across 115 counties in Shanxi Province, China, encompassing species origin (native vs. nonnative) and growth form (trees vs. shrubs). Old-tree density was assessed using spatial simultaneous autoregressive error models, while compositional dissimilarity was quantified using generalized dissimilarity modeling. In total, 131 species were recorded, with four dominant species comprising more than 75% of all individuals. Old-tree density increased with mean annual temperature, human population density, and cultural heritage abundance, but declined sharply with cropland coverage. Driver importance varied among groups: native species were primarily governed by climatic conditions, nonnative species by land-use intensity, and tree-form old trees were positively associated with cultural heritage abundance, an effect absent in shrub-form old trees. Compositional dissimilarity was driven mainly by climatic gradients and spatial distance, with additional contributions from human-related variables, particularly for nonnative assemblages. Our findings demonstrate that climate and spatial processes establish the regional framework of old-tree community composition, while cultural and demographic contexts promote local retention of old trees. By explicitly integrating ecological filters with socio-cultural drivers, this study advances old-tree research through a large-scale empirical framework, providing both scientific insight and socially relevant guidance for conservation under land-use intensification and climate warming.

Source: Forests

DOI: 10.3390/f17020261

Authors: Xin Wang, Jinfen Han, Pengcheng Liu, Donggang Guo, Meichen Jiang

Institutions: Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanxi University, Shanghai Jian Qiao University

Language: English

Topic: Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies

Subfield: Nature and Landscape Conservation

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Life on land

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137