Work

Impact of 1-h memory tasks with different cognitive loads on ET-derived indices of neurotransmitter-system involvement in university athletes

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Purpose To investigate the effects of memory tasks of different difficulty levels on the brain functional state of collegiate athletes and to explore the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms related to cognitive fatigue. Methods Forty-five collegiate athletes (national second-level or above) were randomly assigned to a moderate-difficulty task group, a low-difficulty task group, or a control group ( n = 15 each). A three-group pre–post design was used, with ET recorded at baseline and immediately after a 1-h intervention period. Accuracy and reaction time were continuously recorded. Neurophysiological outcomes were ET-derived S-spectrum indices (S1, S2, S4, S5, S6, S7, S11, S13) obtained using Encephalofluctuogram Technology (ET). Following prior ET reports, these indices were treated as indirect, model-derived proxy measures of neurotransmitter-system involvement rather than direct neurotransmitter measurements. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA with Group (3) × Time (2). Results The moderate-difficulty task led to a significant decline in accuracy and a block-wise slow–fast pattern in reaction time ( p < 0.05), whereas no significant behavioral changes were found in the low-difficulty group. The ET-derived S4 index (previously proposed to reflect serotonergic-system involvement in ET studies) showed significant within-group, between-group, and interaction effects (all p < 0.01). No other ET indices showed robust changes after multiplicity correction. Conclusion A 1-h moderate-difficulty memory task caused a progressive decline in accuracy with reaction times initially slowing and then accelerating, and was accompanied by an increase in the ET-derived S4 index alongside a smaller non-specific time effect in S11. These ET findings should be interpreted as indirect indices and are hypothesis-generating with respect to neurotransmitter mechanisms.

Source: Frontiers in Psychology

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1710518

Authors: Xiaoyu Zhang, Ling Lin, Huaye Wang, Meixian Dai

Institution: Ningbo University

Language: English

Topic: Sport Psychology and Performance

Subfield: Developmental and Educational Psychology

Field: Psychology

Domain: Social Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,801