Work

Enhancing the interpretability of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis by reducing interindividual variability due to anatomical differences

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mean upper cervical cord area (MUCCA) is clinically relevant for measuring spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS), but anatomical variation may confound measurements. Interpretability of MUCCA may be improved by ensuring measurements reflect MS pathology rather than anatomical variability. To achieve this, several strategies are employed, but it is unclear which performs best. This study evaluated height, estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV), and cervical spinal canal area (SCaA) for MUCCA-normalisation. METHODS: 272 persons with MS (pwMS; age 48.47±11.00y, 70.2% female) and 69 healthy controls (HC; age 46.42±9.14y, 59.4% female) were included. eTIV, and MUCCA and SCaA at C2/C3 were determined on 3D-T1w brain MRI. Factors were associated to MUCCA and remaining anatomical dependency was determined using linear regression. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Findings were validated in pwMS. RESULTS: =0%). All factors were similarly robust in HC. In MS, SCaA was susceptible to disease-related variability and normalisation altered clinical relations. Only height was applicable for proportional normalisation. CONCLUSION: eTIV, height and SCaA were valid normalisation factors of MUCCA. Multivariable normalisation (eTIV+SCaA) performed reduced anatomical dependency best but masked clinical-anatomical relations. Proportional normalisation using height allows for individual clinical assessment of spinal cord atrophy.

Source: Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders

DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2026.107079