Work

TRAM for AI use in higher education: Pre-service teachers in Indonesia

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This study develops and evaluates a Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model (TRAM-based) scale for AI adoption across various Indonesian educational settings. TRAM combines the Technology Readiness Index (TRI)—which measures openness to new tech via optimism (OPT), innovativeness (INN), discomfort (DIS), and insecurity (INS)—and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), assessing perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), attitude (AT), and AI-behavioral intention (AI-BI). The samples comprise 1188 Indonesian pre-service teachers. Data were analyzed through measurement and structural models. Based on the model fit and measurement model, the model was found to be valid and reliable, demonstrating the robustness of the data. The findings of the structural model indicate that the most significant relationship is between PU and AT, while the least significant is between DIS and PEOU. Two relationships were insignificant (INN → PU; OPT → PU). The study's findings provided recommendations for education policy, academic development, and teacher training to support SDG 4.

Source: Social Sciences & Humanities Open

DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102568

Authors: Akhmad Habibi, Hansein Arif Wijaya, Bernadus Kopong Danibao, Sri Wahyuni, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee

Institutions: Universitas Jambi, Korea University, Universitas Katolik Widya Mandira, Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Muhammadiyah Pagar Alam, INTI International University

Language: English

Topic: Technology Adoption and User Behaviour

Subfield: Information Systems and Management

Field: Decision Sciences

Domain: Social Sciences

SDGs: Quality education, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,180