Work

Caffeine intake and late dry age-related macular degeneration: tea’s protective role—insights from NHANES and Mendelian randomization

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although caffeine is widely consumed and has demonstrated neuroprotective effects, its role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains unclear, particularly across disease subtypes and dietary sources such as tea and coffee. METHODS: We analyzed 2005-2008 NHANES data using weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic splines to assess the dose-response relationship between caffeine intake and the prevalence of early and late AMD. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using GWAS summary statistics was employed to evaluate causal effects of tea and coffee consumption on AMD subtypes. Furthermore, a two-step MR approach was utilized to identify potential immune-mediated pathways. RESULTS: NHANES data showed that caffeine intake was inversely associated with late AMD (fully adjusted OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44-0.96). Dose-response modeling revealed an L-shaped nonlinear relationship (P for nonlinear = 0.046), indicating that the protective effect of caffeine plateaued once daily intake exceeded approximately 110-150 mg. MR analysis further supported a causal protective association between tea consumption and dry AMD, including geographic atrophy (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.20-0.97), which may be partially attributable to immunological mechanisms, specifically the downregulation of secretory regulatory T cells (% of CD4 + Tregs) and CD45RA- CD4 + T cell (% of CD4 + T cell). In contrast, coffee consumption showed no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: Tea, a specific source of caffeine typically corresponding to moderate intake levels, may confer protection against dry AMD, including geographic atrophy, potentially through modulation of immune cell profiles. These findings suggest a potential preventive strategy and warrant further clinical investigation.

Source: International Journal of Retina and Vitreous

DOI: 10.1186/s40942-026-00813-6

Authors: Hongli Yang, Boshi Liu, Yunxi Zhang, Zhanhe Zhang, Huang Tan, Xiaorong Li

Institutions: Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University

Language: English

Topic: Retinal Diseases and Treatments

Subfield: Ophthalmology

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,890