Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: The biological variability of apatites in different hard tissues of organisms was the starting point for this investigation. Materials such as whale rostrums, ganoine, and some fish bones were analyzed. It has been proven that different organisms select specific kinds of apatites for the construction of their hard organs at the level of the crystal cell. This probably results from the long-lasting adaptation of the construction to their environmental needs. The materials are characterized by the parameters Δd and ΔE, being the real and apparent deviations from Bragg's dimension d and the energy of excitation in XRD-E. This study is based on previously published, verified results from a number of researchers and research groups. The derivation of expressions was possible due to an original approach to Bragg's equation, finally finished in the reformulation of the law, which describes the interplay between the absolute value of the probing excitation energy E and the crystal cell's internal volume V. It enabled the classification of apatite biomaterials in living and fossil organisms, as well as the classification of the apatite excretions. In addition, the following different possible modes of changes in Bragg's dimension d were illustrated-spontaneous geometrical expansion, thermal action, pressurization, and single- and multiple-ion exchanges. The contributions of such expansions were estimated. We can steer the cell volume of apatites in various ways. It has been proven that the volume expansion is linearly coupled with the expansion of Bragg's d parameter in the hexagonal system.
Source: Molecules
Language: English
Subfield: Biomaterials
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,258
OpenAlex ID: W7130323918