Work

Energy-Efficient Sector-Based Routing in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks Using Midpoint-Aware Cluster Head Selection

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Energy efficiency is a key concern in three-dimensional Wireless Sensor Networks (3D WSNs), where irregular node distribution can shorten network lifetime. This study introduces a novel sector-based clustering protocol that partitions the sensing field azimuthally and selects Cluster Heads (CHs) based on residual energy and distance to each sector’s geometric midpoint. The core innovation lies in an adaptive threshold formula that incorporates both energy and spatial distance, enabling fairer CH rotation and better intra-cluster communication. This approach ensures more balanced energy depletion and improved load distribution. Simulations in a 3D environment showed that the proposed protocol outperformed LEACH-Classic, LEACH-GA, and LEACH-KMeans in FND, HND, LND, residual energy, and throughput. Notably, it improves FND by up to 59.2% compared to LEACH and increases throughput by 37.8%, confirming the benefits of azimuth-based clustering and midpoint-aware CH selection.

Source: Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi)

DOI: 10.29207/resti.v10i1.6875

Authors: Nirwana Haidar Hari, Ahmad Khairul Umam, Lusiana Agustien

Institution: Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya

Language: English

Topic: Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks

Subfield: Computer Networks and Communications

Field: Computer Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $150