Driving Performance and Safety in EV Car-Following: A Simulator Comparison of One-Pedal and Two-Pedal Modes
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: With the increasing adoption of regenerative braking technology in electric vehicles (EVs), one-pedal driving (OPD) mode has become a prevalent feature. While OPD offers technical advantages in energy efficiency, its implications for driver behavior and traffic safety remain unclear. To address the lack of human factors research in this domain, this study utilized a driving simulator to systematically compare driving performance between OPD and two-pedal driving (TPD) modes. Twenty-six participants engaged in car-following tasks under varying traffic densities (uncongested vs. congested) and cognitive load levels (normal vs. 1-back). Driving performance and safety were quantified using the absolute speed difference, distance headway, braking frequency, and Time-to-Collision at brake onset (TTCbrake). The results revealed a significant trade-off: while OPD simplified operation, it led to compromised driving performance compared to TPD in specific contexts. Specifically, OPD resulted in larger speed variations and reduced safety margins during the approach stage. Conversely, under high cognitive load, OPD demonstrated a protective effect by mitigating performance degradation. These findings suggest that while OPD can benefit drivers under mental pressure, its deployment requires adaptive safety strategies, such as the integration of Headway Monitoring Warning (HMW) and Forward Collision Warning (FCW), to compensate for performance deficits in complex traffic environments.
Source: World Electric Vehicle Journal
DOI: 10.3390/wevj17020104
Institution: Tongji University
Language: English
Topic: Traffic and Road Safety
Subfield: Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,689
Funder: Tongji University
OpenAlex ID: W7130846329
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