The influence of process parameters on in-situ oxide dispersion strengthened Fe-Ti-alloys in PBF–LB under reactive atmosphere
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: • Manufacturing Fe-Ti alloy samples in CO 2 atmosphere causes oxygen uptake from the process gas. • The oxygen uptake in the materials increases with increasing E V . • Oxide is observed in nanoparticles, slag particles and slag layers. • Slag layer thickness, nanoparticle size and fraction increase with increasing E V. • The distribution of the three oxide forms in FeTi4.3 is controlled by t MP. Powder Bed Fusion – Laser Beam (PBF–LB) is typically conducted in inert atmospheres. Replacing inert gases with more reactive ones initiates reactions between processing gas and material, which can be exploited for alloy design. In this work, the mechanisms during processing of in-situ oxide dispersion strengthened materials using a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) atmosphere via PBF–LB is studied. Pure Fe and Fe alloyed with 4.3 wt% Ti are manufactured under CO 2 , using a broad range of processing parameters, causing different melt pool lifetimes ( t MP ). The results show that the oxygen (O) content in the samples increases with volumetric energy density ( E V ) in as-built condition. O is observed in three forms in the materials – in slag layer, nanoparticles, and slag particles. The thickness of the slag layer, as well as the size and fraction of nanoparticles, increases with E V due to the prolonged time for O uptake. Suspended slag particles originating from the slag layer, are found in parts manufactured with insufficient E V . The distribution between nanoparticles, slag particles and slag layer is controlled by E V and consistent with measured O concentrations. These results show that the material-gas interaction in PBF–LB is controlled by t MP and thus by manufacturing parameters
Source: Materials & Design
Authors: C. Felber, L. Farquhar, E.A. Jägle
Institution: Universität der Bundeswehr München
Language: English
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,650
OpenAlex ID: W7130850894