Work

Lie Symmetry and Various Exact Solutions for (3+1)-Dimensional B-Type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili Equation

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: The (3+1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (BKP) problem was examined in this paper using the developed Exp-function method (DEFM) and Lie symmetry analysis. The objective of this research is studying the BKP equation to get novel exact solutions. Symmetry analysis has been used to determine similarity variables and vector fields. The governing equation was reduced to five variant ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The DEFM was employed for four of them to obtain several novel exact solutions that contain arbitrary constants. The most appropriate choice of values for these optional constants contributed to the emergence of solutions, such as double waves, multisolitons, kink waves, anti-kink waves, and solitary waves. The obtained exact solutions are presented in a 3D graph. The behavior of the solutions can be utilized to explore the application of the governing equation in fluid dynamics, plasma physics, nonlinear optics, and ocean physics.

Source: Axioms

DOI: 10.3390/axioms15020156

Authors: Ahmed A. Gaber, Dalal Alhwikem, Abdul-Majid Wazwaz

Institutions: Majmaah University, Qassim University, Saint Xavier University

Language: English

Topic: Nonlinear Waves and Solitons

Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

Field: Physics and Astronomy

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,896

Funders: Qassim University, Majmaah University