Work

Evening Superiority in Ventilatory—Metabolic Responses and Endurance Capacity During Maximal Incremental Cycling in Trained Young Men

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background: This study investigated the diurnal variation in endurance performance and the corresponding ventilatory/metabolic responses during a maximal incremental cycling test. Methods: Thirty physically active young men (age = 23.5 ± 2.2 years; weekly exercise volume: ≥6 h·wk−1) with regular daily routines were recruited for a randomized crossover study. Each participant completed two maximal incremental cycling tests to volitional exhaustion: one in the morning (07:00–09:00) and another in the evening (17:00–19:00). The two sessions were separated by a one-week washout period. Key ventilatory and metabolic variables, including maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), were continuously measured, and time to exhaustion (TTE) was monitored. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare morning versus evening outcomes. Results: Key performance and physiological variables, including MVV (p < 0.01), VO2max (p < 0.01), and TTE (p < 0.01), were significantly improved in the evening as compared to the morning. Conclusions: Both ventilatory/metabolic function and endurance performance during a maximal incremental cycling test induce a pronounced diurnal rhythm in trained young men, with superior outcomes observed in the evening.

Source: Applied Sciences

DOI: 10.3390/app16042112

Authors: Wenzheng Zha, Junqi Wu, Yuying Su, Chunlei Li, Limingfei Zhou

Institutions: Beijing Sport University, General Administration of Sport of China

Language: English

Topic: Cardiovascular and exercise physiology

Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,896