Work

Emerging biomarkers in melanoma: Bridging molecular discovery and precision oncology

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Melanoma remains the most lethal form of skin cancer despite major advances in targeted and immune-based therapies. Biomarkers now play central roles in diagnosis, risk stratification, therapeutic selection, and disease monitoring; however, their clinical integration remains inconsistent. This review synthesizes the evolving biomarker landscape across genetic (e.g., BRAF, NRAS, KIT, TERT, NF1, CDKN2A), immune (PD-L1, LAG-3, TIGIT, TILs, TMB), proteomic (S100B, MMPs, signaling signatures), and digital/imaging biomarkers (AI-assisted dermo copy, spatial and multiplex profiling). We highlight subtype-specific differences in mucosal, acral, and uveal melanoma, where biomarker patterns and therapeutic responses diverge markedly from those of cutaneous disease. Liquid biopsy approaches, including ctDNA, methylation signatures, and extracellular vesicles, are evaluated for minimal residual disease detection and resistance monitoring. To advance clinical translation, we propose a standardized, stepwise diagnostic therapeutic framework integrating tissue- and blood-based biomarkers with AI-enabled imaging to support personalized management in both adjuvant and metastatic settings. Key translational enablers include assay harmonization (PD-L1, TMB, ctDNA), evidence-tiered validation, and pragmatic clinical trials incorporating biomarker-driven endpoints. Addressing cost, accessibility, and data ethics will be essential for biomarker-guided precision oncology to become a sustainable clinical reality across diverse health systems. • Melanoma biomarkers are reviewed through a precision oncology and clinical lens • Subtype-specific genomic and immune biomarkers guide therapeutic stratification • ctDNA supports longitudinal monitoring and early detection of resistance • Integrated immune and multi-omics models improve response prediction • Key translational challenges and clinical implementation pathways are defined

Source: Cancer Letters

DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2026.218359

Authors: Suling Xu, Zhixing Huang, Yanjun Li, Lingeng Lu, Wenxue Ma

Institutions: Ningbo University, Yale University, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center

Language: English

Topic: Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management

Subfield: Oncology

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $4,960