Comparison of Void Swelling Behavior in Wrought and Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steels Irradiated with 2 MeV Protons at 360 °C
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Additively manufactured (AM) and wrought 316L stainless steels were irradiated with 2 MeV protons at 360 °C. Depth-resolved void swelling was quantified using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, with a safe-zone analysis applied to exclude near-surface and proton-range artifacts. The AM 316L exhibits significantly lower swelling than the wrought alloy. Swelling in the AM material is characterized by larger voids but a much lower void number density, whereas the wrought alloy develops smaller voids at a substantially higher density. The two alloys also display distinct dependences on local damage: in AM 316L, void size increases with local dpa while the void density remains nearly constant, whereas in wrought 316L, the void size is approximately constant and the void density increases with local dpa. These trends indicate that AM 316L has already entered a void growth-dominated regime, while wrought 316L remains in a void-nucleation-dominated regime. The reduced swelling in the AM alloy is attributed to more effective defect-recombination sinks and/or reduced vacancy mobility associated with the AM microstructure. These findings provide important insight for the evaluation and optimization of AM 316L alloys for nuclear industry applications.
Source: Applied Sciences
DOI: 10.3390/app16042119
Language: English
Subfield: Materials Chemistry
Field: Materials Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
OpenAlex ID: W7130957612