Work

A Survey of Multimodal Learning Analytics: Data, Methods, Systems, and Responsible Deployment

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA) is an extension of Learning Analytics that combines multiple data streams such as audio, video, physiological signals, logs, and spatial trails to analyze learning processes that cannot be easily captured through any single modality. This review synthesizes research on sensing and instrumentation, feature extraction, multimodal fusion, modeling approaches, and end-to-end systems that provide feedback and support reflection. We also discuss how generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly improve MMLA pipelines by enabling scalable semantic and pragmatic analysis of learner discourse and interaction. In addition, we review robustness issues that arise when working with real-world data (e.g., noise, missing data, and scalability) and responsible deployment issues such as privacy and student-focused views of fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics (FATE).

Source: Future Internet

DOI: 10.3390/fi18030115

Authors: Georgios Kostopoulos, Sotiris Kotsiantis, Theodor Panagiotakopoulos, Achilles Kameas

Institutions: University of Patras, Hellenic Open University, University of Nicosia

Language: English

Topic: Online Learning and Analytics

Subfield: Computer Science Applications

Field: Computer Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Quality education

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,930